In a previous blog post, we addressed the comparison between CGH2 and LH2 for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). Now, we extend that discussion by analyzing hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) for both technologies. CGH2 and LH2 hydrogen refueling stations present unique challenges and advantages in terms of energy efficiency, infrastructure, and costs. The relationship between storage technology and HRS is crucial for optimizing hydrogen use in heavy-duty transport.
Energy Consumption of HRS
CGH2 HRS require relatively high energy consumption due to the use of compressors to reach 700 bar of pressure. The estimated energy consumption is between 1.5 and 2 kWh/kg. In contrast, LH2 HRS, using subcooled technology (sLH2), have much lower energy consumption, around 0.05 kWh/kg, significantly improving efficiency and reducing operating costs.
Infrastructure
LH2 HRS not only have lower energy consumption but also require a smaller physical footprint since they do not need compression equipment. However, exact sizes can vary depending on the station’s daily capacity, which can range from small stations capable of handling hundreds of kilograms per day to larger facilities managing up to 1 ton of hydrogen daily. On the other hand, CGH2 HRS require up to four times more space due to the compression equipment.
Costs
Regarding initial investment costs (CAPEX):
- For CGH2, CAPEX ranges between €3.2 million and €4.5 million for stations handling between 500 kg and 1000 kg of hydrogen per day.
- For LH2, CAPEX ranges between €1.5 million and €2.5 million for volumes of up to 1 ton of hydrogen per day.
Operating costs (OPEX) are also lower for LH2 stations, as they can reduce these costs by up to 80% due to their lower energy consumption compared to CGH2.
Hydrogen Price Comparison: CGH2 vs LH2
Although the CAPEX and OPEX of a liquid hydrogen refueling station (LH2) are lower than those of a compressed hydrogen station (CGH2), the price per kilogram of liquid hydrogen is usually higher. This is due to several key factors:
- Liquefaction Process: Liquid hydrogen requires an energy-intensive liquefaction process, consuming between 25% and 30% of the hydrogen’s energy content. This process adds significant costs to the final hydrogen price.
- Cryogenic Operating Costs: While LH2 stations do not require high-pressure compressors like CGH2, they must maintain hydrogen at -253°C throughout transportation and storage, adding additional costs. Furthermore, there is daily hydrogen loss through evaporation (boil-off), reducing efficiency.
- Economies of Scale: CGH2 refueling stations are more developed, allowing for greater economies of scale. As LH2 infrastructure grows and develops, these costs may decrease, but for now, compressed hydrogen is more price-competitive.
- Compressed hydrogen price (CGH2): Between €8 and €10 per kg
- Liquid hydrogen price (LH2): Between €11 and €14 per kg
In conclusion, LH2 HRS offer lower energy consumption and a smaller physical footprint, but the hydrogen price is higher due to the liquefaction process and cryogenic storage requirements. However, CGH2 HRS, while more expensive and larger, benefit from more developed infrastructure and competitive pricing. As LH2 infrastructure develops, its costs may decrease, making it a topic to watch closely on the path to sustainable mobility.
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